1. Fairy Witch Median Xl

Welcome to Medianpedia A Median XL wiki with 145 articles We are creating the ultimate guide for the Median XL mod, and you can help! Help pages Forum Official website Gallery Title Text 1. Title 2 Text 2. Title 3 Text 3. Title 4 Text 4. Classes Amazon Assassin Barbarian Druid Necromancer. Eye of Divinity: Paladin class charm Nexus Crystal: Sorceress class charm. When found, each class charm spawns with the following bonuses. Maximum Skill Level Increased by 1 +2 to Light Radius. More bonuses can be added with the Horadric Cube after completing further challenges.

Any equippable item + regular Mystic Orb → add orb bonus and +4 required levelYou can only apply up to 5 of the same type of regular Mystic Orb to your item.The level requirement penalty is applied after taking into account both the base item required level and the level of any socket fillers. This means for example if you have a belt with required level 20, add five orbs (level penalty +20) and socket a Rha rune (required level 100), you get a belt with required level 100+20 = 120. For that reason, to avoid going over required level 140 on accident, always add the socket fillers before adding orbs.Socket PunchUse this recipe to add extra sockets to an item. The more jewels you feed this recipe, the more sockets it will create. Non-socketed item + jewel x1-6 → returns item with 1-6 socketsWarning!

This recipe will not go over the max natural sockets an item can have. Lower tier items have a lower socket count.

Excess jewels are wasted. You also cannot add more sockets to an item that already has some.See for more information about maximum sockets.Lucky BonusThis recipe grants one chance to add a minor extra bonus to an item. Any item that has been transmuted with this recipe will show up as ' Already upgraded!' Items marked as such cannot be used for this recipe.

Any item + Oil of Luck → returns item, may add bonusesThis recipe has 20% chance to add any of the following bonuses:Weapon: +20% Enhanced Damage and/or 100% Bonus to Attack RatingArmour: +20% Enhanced Defense and/or Damage Reduced by 1%Amulet: +1 to All SkillsRing: +5% to Spell DamageQuiver: 5% Bonus to all AttributesJewel: +2 to Strength and/or +2 to Dexterity and/or +2 to Energy and/or +2 to VitalityMagical BonusIn some of the more powerful areas, you might find the Oil of Conjuration, which is a concoction highly sought after by many mages. Any item that has been transmuted with this recipe will show up as ' Already upgraded!' Items marked as such cannot be used for this recipe. Any weapon + Oil of Conjuration → returns item, may add bonusThis recipe has 40% chance to add the following bonus:Weapon: +10% to Spell DamageAdventurers say they have heard of powerful evil monsters creating these in locations such as the Icy Cellar, Abaddon, Pit of Acheron and Infernal Pit.Lottery BonusThis recipe works exactly like the lucky upgrade one, but it has only a 5% chance of adding the bonus.

Any item that has been transmuted with this recipe will show up as ' Already upgraded!' Items marked as such cannot be used for this recipe. Rare/Crafted Sacred item + Shrine → reroll item as crafted + Shrine (-1 charge)Crafted items always have maximum sockets.See for more information about preset shrine modifiers.See for more information about random rare modifiers (affixes).Shrine BlessingA variant of shrine crafting, this recipe allows you to impart the blessings of the shrine unto an existing sacred item. This adds to the item the same preset shrine modifiers as the shrine crafting recipe and also subtracts 1 charge.

You can only use this recipe once per item, so choose your shrine wisely. Same rune x2 → rune one level higherSame rune x4 → rune two levels higherSame rune x2 + rune one level higher → rune two levels higherRune → rune one level lowerThese recipes do not allow you to obtain or downgrade:Great Runes ( Taha, Ghal, Qor, Krys, Auhe and Sha'ad)Elemental Runes ( Stone, Magic, Fire, Ice, Light and Poison) or Kabraxis' Stone rune.Unsocket RecipeThese recipes separate the socket fillers (gems, jewels, runes) from an item and return both the item and the socket fillers.Magical, Rare, Set, Unique, Crafted or Honorific. Socketed item + Oil of Disjunction + perfect gem x3 → separate item and socket fillersNon-magical socketed items are grey, and therefore include runewords. The price is higher for these items to prevent unhealthy amounts of runeword rerolling.R.I.P. RecipeIf you went wild with reanimate items and now you can't see the forest for the reanimated Ents, this recipe can help. It adds the 'R.I.P.' Modifier to an item, causing your kills to stay dead instead of rising up to get in your way.

This should help out players with slower computers.

AbstractBeliefs and practices related to the feeding of 52 infants were assessed in an urban community of Lahore in a longitudinal study through quantitative and qualitative data during their first year of life. Ninety-eight percent mothers started breast feeding within the first week and 54.3% continued until 12 months; the mean age for exclusive breast feeding was 1.08 (±1.109) months; breast feeding was initiated 47.4(±32.58) hours afterbirth and prelactealfeeds were given to 94% infants. In 34 infants (65.4%) colostrum was not given. Water was considered essential from the very first day in 55.4% cases. Forty-eight percent babies were put on supplemental bottle feeding during the first week and by five months of age 97% were bottle fed., The most common reason for starting bottle feeding was perceived “insufficiency” of breast milk (71%). Breast feeding was stopped-earlier by mothers who were illiterate and poor and had female children. The mean age for initiating supplemental feeding with semi-solid food was 4.4(±O.99) months.

Weaning occured earlier in infants of the upper socioeconomic class and literate mothers. Working women reported problems in feeding their children exclusively on breast during early infancy. Advice of health professionals was used by 31% mothers, more in the upper socioeconomic group and literate group than in other groups. Health education interventions are needed to promote use of colostrum, exclusive breast feeding and appropriate complementary feeding practices (JPMA ). IntroductionAppropriate breast feeding and weaning practices have great impact on the health of infants. Breast feeding still remains the preferred way for the majority of Pakistani women 1, however, inappropriate practices such as provision of prelacteal feeds, discarding the colostrum and delayed initiation of breast milk are widespread 2-5.

Although exclusive breast feeding is recommended for the first four months of life 6, most mothers supplement breast milk with water and other fluids 7. Studies have shown several consequences of inappropriate breast feeding.

Supplementing breast milk with other milk has been reported to increase childhood mortality tenfoiddue to poor cleaning of bottles and dilutionwithunsafe drinking water 8,9. Food supplements for breast-fed children increase the likelihood of diarrhoea by 4 to 13 fold, depending on age when supplementation begins 10. Inappropriate wean­ing practices have also been associated with diarrhoea! Diseases and malnutrition 11. Finally, delayed weaning can lead to growth failure, poor immunity, micronutrient deficiencies and greater risk of infection 12. Thus it is essential that weaning is appropriately timed, nutritionally adequate, hygienically prepared and culturally acceptable 13. To develop ways to optimize feeding practices for infants and young children, we conducted a longitudinal study to obtain information about prevalent local beliefs and practices about infant feeding.

The aim of the study was to develop culturally specific messages that would help modify hannful feeding practices and thus reduce infant morbidity and mortality. Subjects and MethodsA longitudinal study was carried out in a well defined urban area in Lahore, including areas of Jinnah Gardens, part of Lawrence Road, Katcha Lawrence Road, Mason Road, Birdwood Road, Camp Jail, Jail Road (from Mozang Chungi to Lahore College), Waris Road and Katcha Jail Road. A baseline house to house survey was conducted in Januaiy, 1993 to obtain demographic data and to fmd pregnant women in their last trimester. The interviewers were physicians assisted by TBAs. The survey revealed that the area had a populationof 8767, birth rate of24 per 1000 live births, growth rate of 2% of the total population and infant mortality of 52 per 1000 in 1992.

All mothers in the area were eligible for inclusion in the study. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and beliefs about infant feeding of families were collected using a pm-tested questionnaire.

Socioeconomic status was assessed by a combination of indicators assessing education, occupation of marned couple, total family income and household possessions. Each indicator was scored separately and then sum of the total scores taken to assess the socioeconomic status (Table I).Education although included in the assessment of socioeconomic status was also categorized separately, as literate mothers even if in low socioeconomic group behaved differently. All children born to those women between January, 1993 to April, 1993 were registered and followed-up each month during their first year of life. An Interviewer who had Master’s Degree in the subject of Education (non-medical) was recruited and trained to follow-up the registered infants at their homes.

The first visit was made within one week of birth. Babies born through caesarean section at hospitals, were visited them by the Principal Investigator, as in these cases mothers had to stay at hospitals for a week after the birth of their children. In this way we got a chance to observe the infant feeding routines of four hospitals.

These hospitals were not located in the study area, three of them were teaching hospitals and fourth was a private setup. During the visit to those hospitals, doctors and nurses taking care of mothers and their infants were also interviewed to know their routines for infant feeding. At each follow-up visit, information on beliefs about infant feeding was obtained and the type of food that the infant received was recorded. Infants were weighed at each visit and their health condition noted.Focus group discussions were carried out with groups of traditional birth attendants (TBAs), them were teaching hospitals and fourth was a private setup. During the visit to those hospitals, doctors and nurses taking care of mothers and their infants were also interviewed to know their routines for infant feeding. At each follow-up visit, information on beliefs about infant feeding was obtained and the type of food that the infant received was recorded.

Infants were weighed at each visit and their health condition noted.Focus group discussions were carried out with groups of traditional birth attendants (TBAs), mothers-in-law, non-lactating mothers and nursing mothers. Each group had 5-7 participants. In total 6 groups were interviewed. In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 individuals, including parents, mothers-in-law, working mothers, nutritionist, TBA, physicians, homeopathic practitioners and religious leaders. These discussions were conducted jointly by the Principal Investigator and the Co-investigator after the completion of baseline survey. Participants were selected from the same area. People who could be approached and were cooperative were listed, randomly selected and then invited to the MCH Department for these discussions and interviews.

Matters related to infant feeding were discussed in Focus Groups and in-depth interviews. ResultsBasic characteristics of the study population are shown in Table II.A total of52 infants of 51 mothers were included in the study (there was one twin delivery). There was no infant death during the study period.One of the mothers died as a result of an accident. However, the infant being cared by other family members was followed-up even after mother’s death. Three families left the study area during studyperiod and were lost to follow-up.Prelacteal feedsAlthough 51(98%) children were breast-fed during the first week of life, 49(94%) were given prelaeteal feeds prior to initiation of breast milk and 34 infants (65.4%) did not receive colostrum. In 36(69.23%) infants it was considered a custom and tradition to feed something (preferably honey) before starting breast milk.

It was believed that morals of the infant are affected by the individual who instills the initial feed. In25 infants (47%) prelacteal feed was offered only once, the most popular prelacteal feed was honey, offered to 33 infants (63.5%), herbal preparations were givento 23 infants(44.2%). Honey was mainly given as a tradition while herbal preparations were thought to clean the stomach and regularize bowel functions during early days of life. Saline was given to 33 infants (63.5%) either to “clean the intestinal passages” or as a “replacement feeding” provided by mothers who thought that milk was not produced during the first few days of life.

In 17 infants (33.7%) other milk was given also for this latter reason. Prelacteal feeds were suggested by mothers of 29 infants (34. 1%)by health care workers in 26(30.6%) cases, by grand mothers in 20 (23.6%) cases, by father in 2 (2.4%) and by other people including friends and relatives in 8 cases (9.3%). Total responses are 85 because some times it was a joint decision of more than one person. Of 33 infants given honey, 26 (78.8%) were given by finger tip, other fluids (herbal preparations and milk), 42 (40.4%) were given with cup and spoon and 28 (26.9%) through feeders. One infant was fed honey and a herbal preparation througha loop of cloth.

total number of fluids is more than 52 because some of the infants were given more than one fluid.Breast feedingBreast milk was initiated in 51 children (98.1%) in the first week. One infant was not offered breast milk because her mother believed that her milk was poisonous and had resulted in the death of her previous child the year before. Mean initiaion times for breast milk was 47.4+32.58 hours, range was 1-144 hours after brith. Initiation time in primipara, was 56.68+33.43 hours and 45.1+32.37 hours in multiparas. In home deliveries the initiation was later (55.92+25.77 hours) than in hospital deliveries (42.48+35.04 hours).

However, statistical analysis showed no differenc. Reasons cited by mother for delay in initiating breast feeding were 'milk insufficiency' in 29 (44.6%) infants and maternal ill health in 13 (20%). Health staff influenced 20 (39.2%) mothers during postnatal period to initiate breast feeding.

Literate and upper socioeconomic strata (USES) mothers were influenced more by health care provider's advice as compared to the illiterate and lower socioeconmic class mothers (LSES). Of mothers getting influenced by the health staff, 12 (60%) were from USES and 8 (40%) from the LSES. This group included 17 (85%) literate mother, while 3(15%) were illiterate. Of the 29 mothers reporting milk insufficiency as a cause for delay in initiation of breast feeding 20(69%) were from LSES and 9 (31%) from USES. This group included 13 (44.8%) literate and 16(55.2%) illiterate mothers. However, differences were not singnificant.Reasons for Cessation of Breast FeedingBy 12 months of age, 22 (44.9%) infants had been stopped breast feeding, of them 14(63.63%) were females.

Of 28 infants from LSES, 14(50%) and 20 from USES, 8 (40%) were stopped breast feeding at that age. This group included 9 (40%) mothers from literate group and 13 (60%) from illiterate group.Bottle FeedingDuring the first week of life, 24 (46%) infants were bottle fed and by the age of 5 months, 41(84%) were getting it (Figure 1).Majority 22 (53.19%) of them were females and same number was from LSES group.

Out of 41 infants, 26 (63.83%) were of the literate mothers. In the majority of cases, fresh buffalo’s milk was given. Common reasons for starting bottle feeding during first month were insufficient breast milk in 24(70.6%) cases, advice from a health worker in 6(17.6%) mothers were away from home without the child in 2 (5.9%) and mother’s ill health in 2(5.9%) cases. Mothers diluted milk was used for 19(79.1%) iniantsduring the firstweek Of life and in 14 (34.1%) out of 41 bottle fed infants by 5 months of age.

Mothers diluted milkmaid to make it “light’ (more digestible). Most mothers believed that children used milk as a major food until well after 2 years of age and provided milk as major food to 43 infants till 12 months. This group included 24(56.25%) females.Use of FluidsDuring the first week of life 45 (86.5%) infants were given fluids other than milk (breast orbottle). By one month of age 50 ut of 511(98%) infants received fluids and by three months of age all infants received some fluids. During the first week, 26 (40%) infants received herbal fluids, 21(32.3%) received plain water, 15 (23.1%) received water with sugar, glucose, salt etc.,and 3 (4.6%) received honey (other than given as prelacteal feed). Herbal fluids were commonly thought to regularize gastrointestinal tract infections and water to quench thirst and as a cooling agent. Nutritional fluids (juices, soups) were given because mothers believed that it improved the strength of the infant.

During the first week of Zero is ho vatux for the first week of life life, upto 10 ml/day of herbal fluids and upto 25 mI/day of plain water was given to infants.PacifierIn the first week of life. 8 (15.4%) infants and by two months 15 (30.6%) were given pacifiers. In 12 (75%) such cases, the mother herself decided to do so. Only 10 (20%) infants continued to use a pacifier after 5 months.

Mostly infants were given pacifiers to keep them quiet. Illiterate (40.9%) and poorer mothers used pacifiers more often than literate (20%) and mothers of USES (23%).Use of Semi-Solid Foods AgeMean age for starting semi-solid food was 4.4±0.9 months. Out of 50 infants, 7(14%) were given semi-solid food during third month of age and another 24 (48.0%) by four months of age. By the age of 7 months all infants were on some solid or semi-solid foods. By 5 months, 21 male (9 1.3%) of the 23 male infants received semi-solid food, while 20 female (74.1% of the total 27 female infants) were given semi-solid food (P.

DiscussionThis study describes feeding patterns of infants in an urban community in Lahore. The most important observation was that breast feeding was delayed.

This delay has also been reported by others in Pakistan 4,5,14. Others have found that mothers do not consider colostrum as apart ofbreast milk, itis considered to be stale, stagnant and harmful 4. First prelacteal feed is generally given by an important member of the family as part of the cultural belief that it will affect the future morals of the child 15. Inour study, inadditionto thisbelief, prelacteals were thought probably to cleanse the gastrointestinal system of meconium by acting as a laxative.Even after breast feeding was established, exclusive breast feeding was uncommon. Although more than half of infants were still being partially breast fed by one year of age, this was less than the 73% partialbreast feeding reported in the national nutrition survey of 1985-87 16.

Our data results are similar to those of another longitudinal study from Lahore in which 56% of women in urban slums partially breastfed their children by one year of age 4. Although Ashraf et al did not report litency of their upper middle class mothers, partial breast feeding prevalence in their study was only 25% at one year of age 4. The two common reasons for stopping breast milk in this study were next pregnancy (25.9%) and insufficiency of milk (22.2%), next pregnancy was also reported as the most common reason (34.3%) in the national nutrition survey 16. Next pregnancy was a deterrent to continue breast feedingbecause mothers felt that they are notphysieally fit to bearthe two stresses (of pregnancy and nursing) together. Moreover, they felt that after getting pregnant, quantity of breast milk is not sufficient to meet the requirements of the infant. In some instances, superstition plays a role in stopping the breast milk, which happened with one mother in our study who was afraid of the evil eye (nazar) from her own self. Mull and Mull reported use of bottle feeding early due to the fear that mother was carrier of evil spirit (saya) and could pass iton to the child 17.Use of bone for supplementing breast milk or giving water and other fluids has become increasingly common in Pakistan 4,5,7,14,16,18 and in other developing countries 19-23.When infants receiving no breast milk were compared with infants on exclusive or partial breast feeding more morbidity was noted fornon-breastfed infants.

Picture is quite similar to Feachem and Kobiinsky who have reported the median relative risks for diarrhoea morbidity. 3.0 for those aged 0-2 months, 2.4 for those aged 3-5 months arKI 1.3-1.5 for those aged 6-li months 24 in a comparative study for infants receiving no breast milk and those getting exclusive and partial breast feeding. The unfortunate thing was that the health professionals in our study were also promoting the use of other fluids and prelacteal feeds, most probably due to their own lack of knowledge.

In India, Sachdcv et al reported that 97% of nurses and 63% of the doctors believed water supplementation was necessaty in summer 25. Apart from the risk of infection the extra cost of both fresh and commercial formulas is another major factor. With a per capita income of Rs. 1243.0 and a high birth rate 26, it may be difficult for a poor family to provide other milk to their infants.

Minimum cost of providing a 6 month old infant with haifa liter of fresh milk as supplement to breast milk will be Rs.2 10 per month (1 liter millc= Rs.14.00). If costs for bottles, teats and fuel needed for boiling etc., are added, the costs exceed Rs.300 per month. A third of family income could go to feeding just one child. In practice, the economic constraints force the family to dilute the milk and not to use appropriate hygienic precautions essential with bottle feeding, thus increasing the risks for infections.Observations regarding mean age for starting semi-solid foods in our study differfroni those reported by the 1985-1987 national nutrition survey where it was after 7 months 16 and in Balochistan, where it was 8.3 months 5, both cross-sectional studies. More recently, the national breast feeding steering document described a trend toward introduction of semi-solids by four months of age 27. Although in our group semi-solids were introduced earlier, the appropriate quality and quantity of these supplementary foods still remains a problem. Very few mothers prepared the semi-solids specifically for their infants.

This last point was also noticed in a study from Karachi which found that only 17% of mothers prepared special food for their children 28.Some limitations of the sifidy must be addressed. The first is the sample size. Given time limitations the infants could not be followed for more than one year. Unfortunately, exact birth weight data or specific morbidity data could not be collected.

Morbidity data collected in detail would have strengthened the argument about promotion of breast feeding and use ‘of colostrum. This urban area data could be quite different from the niral areas where majority of deliveries take place at home and there is little interaction between the mothers and health workers.Results of the study have some important implications for the national breast feeding programme and nutrition of young children as a whole. To promote use of colostrum, exclusive breast feeding and discourage bottle feeding, education strategies should be targeted at mothers during pregnancy and delivery. The optimum way to impartknowledge and change practices requires controlled studies to evaluate different approaches.

Design of interventions will need to address perceived “dangers” of using colostrum and perceived “insufficiency” of breast feeding. Health care workers, including physicians, paramedics and traditional birth attendants, need to be educated to promote breast feeding.

Breast feeding can also be pronioted by modifying hospital policies using social support, providing incentives and initiating legislation and political action to createpolicies aimed toward healthier infant feeding practices 29. The Government of Pakistan has already initiated a programme of baby-friendly hospital initiatives (BR-H) and a communication campaign to promote breast feeding, but a lot still needs to be done at the community level. Badruddin, S.H Impact of appropriate breast feeding practices on diarrhoea morbidity and nutritional status of infants.Preliminary results. ADDR Annual Report, 1993, pp.

Anlar, V., Anlar, B. And Tanyali, A. Some factors influencing the time of lactation.t. Pediatr., 1988;34:198.3. PM.,Maloni, J.A.

Fairy Witch Median Xl

And Brown, D.R. Early auckling andprolonged breast feeding. Child., 1986; 140; t 51-154.4.

Jalil, F, Khan, SR. Early child health in Lahore, Pakistan: V. Feeding patterns.

Acts Pediatr, 1993;82 (suppl. UNICEF Complementary foods, practices and perceptions in rural Baluchiatan, Pakistan, (Vol. Quetta, Pakistan, UNICEF, 1988.6. Patrice-Jellife, E F. Queries concerning breast feeding and diarrhoea in Pakistan. Pediatr., 1991;37:205-207.7.

And Gilani, A.H. Variations in infant feeding practices in Pa&istan with socioeconomic stratification. Paediatrics, 1987;33: 103-106.8. UNICEF, The State of World’s children. New York, Oxford University Press, 1990, pp.

And John, P.E. An assessment of research on breast feeding promotion strategies in developing countries. Med., 1 995;41:579-594.10. Popkins.B.M., Adair, L., Akin, J.S. Breast feeding and diarrhoeal morbidity. 1990;86: 874-882.11.

Kristy, XL H. And Badruddin, SF1. Weaning and diarrhoeal disease. Diarrhoeal Dis. Ttes., 1994 Mar; 12(1):4-13.12.

Badruddin, ST. And Hendricks. Weaning practices in the developing countries recommendations and programme implications. HIID-ADDR com­missioned paper. Joint WHO/UNICEF meeting on infant and young child feeding. Geneva, WHO/UNICEF, 1979.

Government of Pakistan. Diarrhoea disorders and feeding practices in Pakistan. Islamabad, Planning and Development Division. Reissland, N. And Burghart. The quality of a mother’s milk and the health of her child: Beliefs and practices of women of Mithila.

Med., 1988,27461-9.16. Government of Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 1985-1987. Islamabad, Nutrition Division, National Institute of Health, 1988.17. Traditional perceptions of marasmus in Pakistan. Med., 1991,32:175-91.18.

The effect of economic and environmental conditions on the feeding practices and nutntional status of children from birth to two years of age belonging to low income fami lies M. Thesis submitted to the University of Karachi. Joesoef, MR., Uiomo,B. And Lewis, G.L, Breast fecdingpractices in Metropolitan Indonesia. Policy considerations. Pediatr., 1988;34:270-74.20.

Nutritional problems in Turkey during the weaning period and some solutions. Paediatr., 197l;13:59-71.21. ‘These are modern times’: Infant feeding practices in Peninsular Malaysia.

Med., 1987; 11:47-57.22. Hull, V., Thapa, S., Pratomo. Breast feeding in the modern health sector in Indonesia, the mother’s perspective.

Med., 1990;30:625-633.23. Behakappa, D.G., Raju, M. And Benakappa, AD. Breast feeding practices in rural Karnataka (India) with special reference to lactation failure. Acta Paediatr., 1989;31 391 -98.24. Feachem, R.G.

And Koblinsky, MA. Interventions for the control of diarrhoea diseases among young children: Promotion of breast feeding.Bulletin, WHO, 1984;62:271-91.25. Sachdev, H.P S. Krishna, J, Pun, R.K et al. Water supplementation in exclusively breast fed infants during summer in the tropics. 1991;337 929.33.26. The State of the World’s Children 1995.

New York, Oxford University Press, 1995. National breast feeding steering committee.

Perceptions, attitudes and general practice related to breast feeding and other early infant feeding choicer Unpublished Manuscript, 1991. Islamabad, Pakistan, Nutrition Cell, 1991.28.

A study of environmental conditions and dietary patterns of children under 2 years of age suffering from gastrointestinal disorders and the type of diet suggested by the general practitioners in such conditions. Thesis submitted to the University of Karachi, 1985.29. Wilmath, T.A., Elder, J.P. Graduate school of public health. San Diego State University, San Diego, CA. Med., 1995;41:579­594.